Morad Kaviani; mohammad mohammadi
Abstract
Less than three percent of the planet's water is fresh. habitat in the macro sense depend on this water. Over the past few decades, due to population growth, agricultural expansion, industrial growth, climate change and successive droughts, human access to water has steadily declined, threatening the ...
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Less than three percent of the planet's water is fresh. habitat in the macro sense depend on this water. Over the past few decades, due to population growth, agricultural expansion, industrial growth, climate change and successive droughts, human access to water has steadily declined, threatening the survival of the status quo and the sustainability of human life and civilization. This damage has attracted the attention of brokers and researchers to water security. South Khorasan province in eastern Iran is inherently a low-rainfall province with a hot and dry climate and has been involved in successive droughts and over-extraction of groundwater reservoirs for the past two decades. Has resulted. The present article, which is applied and the methodology is explanatory-analytical, and its findings are collected by the library method (books, publications and the Internet) are based on the hypothesis that in recent years, rainfall has decreased and aquifers in the region have decreased. It is associated with an increase in the number of disputes and lawsuits. The results showed that the increasing complexity of increasing water abstraction, declining reservoirs, decreasing rainfall, population growth along with government policies related to the expansion of agriculture has led to increased tensions, conflicts and lawsuits and has affected the province's water security.
morad kaviani; hadi shakeri; Teymour Jafari
Morad Kaviani Rad; Arash Soltani
Abstract
Abstract
Humans are the source of meaning and identity for place with an attitude to their set of beliefs and actions, and make decisions for their habitat based on their spatial dependence. Voting as a politico-spatial act is a manifestation of these decisions that relate to the identity and spatial ...
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Abstract
Humans are the source of meaning and identity for place with an attitude to their set of beliefs and actions, and make decisions for their habitat based on their spatial dependence. Voting as a politico-spatial act is a manifestation of these decisions that relate to the identity and spatial belonging of individuals. Our experience of elections on a national scale in the country shows that there is a correlation between the spatial sense of place of individuals and the bias in candidates’ votes in the concept of Hometown votes in many constituencies. The present paper, which the required inputs (data and information) were collected using a library method, is of a descriptive-analytical nature and is based on the assumption that the spatial distribution of votes in the Miandoab, ShahinDej and Takab constituencies is a function of and voters’ identity sense of place (Hometown votes). The Results showed that the spatial distribution of the vote is a function of the spatial identity of number of holders of voting rights in these constituencies. This mean, spatial identity has been effective in spatial distribution of votes and direction of the Hometown votes of the candidates of these constituencies (Miandoab, Shahin Dezh and Takab).
morad kavianirad; Morteza Tahami; Fariba Sharifian
Abstract
Toponymy as an integral part of linking Geographic Sciences, linguistics and archeology plays an important role and has a special place in the study of historical events and the cultural characteristics and attributes of human societies in the past, from which have been remained only the name of the ...
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Toponymy as an integral part of linking Geographic Sciences, linguistics and archeology plays an important role and has a special place in the study of historical events and the cultural characteristics and attributes of human societies in the past, from which have been remained only the name of the document and their written works. Meanwhile, the geographical location of Iran as the terminus of incredible historical events and the superiority of oral culture has led to the cultural and political events of many parts of the country in the history of the country so that nothing but the name of them has been left. The ancient city of Nahavand and many of the geographical points of this city are not far from the features mentioned. Meanwhile, the study of the "mountains of Ārdešān" Near mentioned city from the toponomy point of view, along with the perimeter names of this mountain, where no research has ever been done about them, is at the center of this paper. The present research, which has a descriptive-analytical nature, uses a historical approach to explore the geography of mountains of Ārdešān by using library and field methods (referring to the place and using the dialect Native inputs (inputs and data) required for its collection are collected. The result of the research showed that their Ārdešān means "holy place".
Morad Kavianirad; Moslem Namdarzade; Mohammad Amin Golshan
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
A major portion of individuals’ actions and behaviors in societies is a function of their mentality and perception of the present situation. According to environmental perception, the role of people’s mentality and interpretation involves the organization of environment’s ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
A major portion of individuals’ actions and behaviors in societies is a function of their mentality and perception of the present situation. According to environmental perception, the role of people’s mentality and interpretation involves the organization of environment’s physical elements, and orientation towards development and security. Meanwhile, given their vastness and high numbers in population, countries are different in terms of regional diversity (geological and cultural) where the notions of national solidarity and territorial cohesion are driven by regionalist forces. During the recent decade, the south-east of Iran, which is home to the Baloch Tribe, has been facing a number of unsafe regional events due to its special geographical location as well as being at the vicinity of unstable geopolitical factors. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to examine the existing environmental factors (human and natural) in forming a mentality (i.e. environmental perception) regarding the emergence and continuity of regionalism within south-east of Iran.
The approach used in this study is the descriptive-analytical method and the required data and information were collected through library studies along with surveys (questionnaires). According to the analysis of data, the result of the study showed that the environmental perception risen from the components of political participation, economic underdevelopment, interactions with the Indian subcontinent, and religious regionalism have led to a set of intertwined consequences at the regional, national, and local levels, playing a significant role in the target society’s perception of regionalism.
Methodology
The present study was conducted through the descriptive-analytical approach, and the data collection was carried out using library studies and surveys (questionnaires). In this study, four variables including weak political participation and economic underdevelopment adjacent to the Indian subcontinent and religious regionalism were selected as the indices for testing the hypotheses of the study all of which could affect the regional security of Sistan and Balochestan Province. A set of components were also taken into account so as to evaluate the indices. The Likert scale was also used to evaluate the extent of agreement. In order to analyze the findings of the study, particularly testing the hypothesis, the chi-square test was employed.
Findings and Discussion
In the present study, four variables including weak political participation and economic underdevelopment adjacent to the Indian subcontinent, and religious regionalism were selected as the indices for testing the hypotheses. A number of components were also considered in order to evaluate the indices. The Likert scale was used to assess the extent of agreement along with the chi-square test.
In the present research, the role of environmental structures (human and natural) in shaping mentality (environmental perception) and the occurrence of regionalism in south-east of Iran is explored. Such a role is carried out through formulating the hypothesis of environmental structures (political participation, economic underdevelopment, interaction with the Indian subcontinent and religious regionalism) at a local, national and subnational scales in shaping mentality (environmental perception) and the occurrence of regionalism in south-east of Iran as a result of the environmental structures . The following results were obtained using the gathered library and field data according to the analysis of the findings of the study and testing the variables of hypothesis. The findings showed that the factors influencing the emergence of regionalist mentality in Sistan and Baluchestan Province was weak participation in all aspects, such as political, economic, social, etc.
The weak political participation in the region (participation in election component) was particularly frequent according to the analysis of the finding; however, it seemed to be the result of a) decreased national solidarity as a result of weak participation of Sunnis in matters related to the province and the country, b) the pessimistic mentality of Sunnis toward the authorities’ approaches and actions at the region and the province.
Furthermore, using the chi-square test, the impact of variables including a) economic underdevelopment, b) adjacent to the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan and Afghanistan), and c) religious regionalism as well as related components were examined. The findings showed that all of these variables and components were affected by regionalism. Accordingly, the results obtained from analyzing the variables of the study demonstrate that weak political participation and economic underdevelopment have paved the way for a confidence crisis in south-east of Iran, influencing the security of said region during the past two decades. The negative perspective of people regarding the performance and functionality of the government is due to lack of attention to the establishment of border markets, development of free economic zones and employment rise, reduction in attracting domestic and foreign tourists as a result of weak security, decrease in national and international investment due to weak security and the residents’ inability in catering for their livelihood needs due to the economic underdevelopment of the region.
On the other hand, though being a neighbor to the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan) and Afghanistan could result in the cultural influence of Iran, it has also led to the interference of foreign agents in Iran’s domestic affairs, which is usually one of the ways through which nationalist and regionalist thoughts could penetrate into the country. Subsequently, the lingual and religious consistency (Baluchi language and Hanafi religion) has provided a context for interaction between south-eastern Iran and the Indian subcontinent, i.e. Pakistan and Afghanistan; As a result, the religious regionalism movements are formed in this part of the country while influencing the security of the region.
Various ethnicities and religious minorities are accommodated in the most sensitive strategic areas of the country at the border lines which continues beyond the borders and outside the national governments area of influence. Consequently, south-eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan) is located at the Golden Crescent area (a location that is inaccessible by the three governments of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan, becoming the main passage for drug gangs, heroin production and arms trafficking) transformed into a gathering location for fundamentalist terrorists following the debacle of Taliban in Afghanistan, which possibly leads to the formation of profound platforms for regionalism in the area of the study.
morad kavianirad; yadollah azarkhah; abdolmahdi shaykhiyani
Abstract
1. Introduction
From cultural and land point of view, national heterogeneity is the characteristic of many countries. So that the vast majority of countries are facing regionalism based on their width and number of population which sometimes they challenge the legitimacy of the government. Because of ...
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1. Introduction
From cultural and land point of view, national heterogeneity is the characteristic of many countries. So that the vast majority of countries are facing regionalism based on their width and number of population which sometimes they challenge the legitimacy of the government. Because of its special geographical situation, Iran has been the dwelling of people with various language and ethnicity during its the history. For this reason, the interaction among these groups of various cultures and identities has created a multiple culture. It is also is influenced by political and thought changes of Indian subcontinents and the crisis situation in Pakistan and Afghanistan so that there have been some regionalism cases which finally resulted in terror activities and security challenges in Sistan and Baluchestan in the recent decade. Baluchstan region as a part of Sistan and Baluchistan province has faced a series of regionalism in the recent decade due to the following reasons: its religion distinction, its geographical distance from the central government, its neighborhood with the two poor and war torn countries Afghanistan and Pakistan, its neighborhood with the main center of opium planting in the world, its location in the main path of trafficking narcotic substances, the ethnic integrity of Baluchs in three countries which are Iran, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan which have spread interactions, its poverty and economic deprivation compared with other regions of the country, its tribal format, natural difficulties and the activity of terrorist ideological groups.
2. Theoretical Framework
The residents of various geographical regions are influenced by various geographical scales (local, national, regional, global, and geographical) due to the development of technologies, media, the increasing of people’s knowledge and access to the required infrastructures. These mutual influences between regions and people have challenged the ability of governments to manage the national and land integrity of the country. So, political geography tried to explain the mentioned impacts on national and land integrity under the framework of regionalism. Undoubtedly, the emergence of regionalism is rooted in the areas which have been influenced by local-global geographical scales. Therefore, analysis of regionalism phenomenon requires finding out the consequences of geographical scales on the development of regionalism phenomenon.
3. Methodology
This research is typically an applied one and its methodology is descriptive and analytic. The researcher tried to find out and explain the impact of geographical scales on the formation of regionalism phenomenon in South East of Iran and tried to present a true and ideal analysis of regionalism phenomenon in this area through gathering and studying data in the library, internet data bases, and through conducting interviews.
4. Findings and Discussion
The results of the research showed that regionalism formation in Baluchistan is affected by various geographical scales which have played a role in the formation of this phenomenon in this region. So, the following reasons have caused religious regionalism formation in this part of the country in different scales: ideological and financial supports of neighboring countries through media tools, some restrictions on full political and social participation, inefficiency of distribution system, contradiction of regional identity interests, the distance, and religion heterogeneity.
Keyword: Geographical scale, Region, Regionalism, Iran, Baluchistan
